Rayleigh–Ritz method

solve(hamiltonian::Hamiltonian, basisset::BasisSet)

This function returns the eigenvalues $E$ and eigenvectors $\pmb{c}$ for

\[\pmb{H} \pmb{c} = E \pmb{S} \pmb{c}.\]

The Hamiltonian matrix is defined as $H_{ij} = \langle \phi_{i} | \hat{H} | \phi_{j} \rangle$. The overlap matrix is defined as $S_{ij} = \langle \phi_{i} | \phi_{j} \rangle$.

solve(hamiltonian::Hamiltonian, basisset::GeometricBasisSet; perturbation=Hamiltonian(), info=4) This function is a wrapper for solve(hamiltonian::Hamiltonian, basisset::BasisSet, ...).

optimize(hamiltonian::Hamiltonian, basisset::GeometricBasisSet; perturbation=Hamiltonian(), info=4, optimizer=Optim.NelderMead()) This function minimizes the energy by optimizing $r_1$ and $r_n$ using Optim.jl.

\[\frac{\partial E}{\partial r_1} = \frac{\partial E}{\partial r_n} = 0\]

BasisSet(basis1, basis2, ...)

\[\{ \phi_1, \phi_2, \phi_3, \cdots \}\]

The basis set is the input for Rayleigh–Ritz method. You can define the basis set like this:

\[\begin{aligned} \phi_1(r) &= \exp(-13.00773 ~r^2), \\ \phi_2(r) &= \exp(-1.962079 ~r^2), \\ \phi_3(r) &= \exp(-0.444529 ~r^2), \\ \phi_4(r) &= \exp(-0.1219492 ~r^2). \end{aligned}\]

basisset = BasisSet(
  SimpleGaussianBasis(13.00773),
  SimpleGaussianBasis(1.962079),
  SimpleGaussianBasis(0.444529),
  SimpleGaussianBasis(0.1219492),
)

GeometricBasisSet(basistype, r₁, rₙ, n; nₘₐₓ=n, nₘᵢₙ=1) This is a basis set with exponentials generated by geometric().

Exponents of Gaussian basis functions are given by geometric progression:

\[\begin{aligned} & v_i = \frac{1}{r_i^2}, \\ & r_i = r_1 a^{i-1}. \end{aligned}\]

This function return array of $\nu_i$:

\[(r_1, r_{n}, n, n_\mathrm{max}) \mapsto (\nu_1, \nu_2, \cdots, \nu_{n-1}, \nu_n, \nu_{n+1}, \cdots, \nu_{n_\mathrm{max}})\]

Usually $n = n_\mathrm{max}$. Set $n<n_\mathrm{max}$ if you want to extend the geometric progression.

Examples:

julia> ν = TwoBody.geometric(0.1, 10.0, 5)
5-element Vector{Float64}:
 100.0
  10.0
   0.9999999999999997
   0.09999999999999996
   0.009999999999999995

julia> ν = TwoBody.geometric(0.1, 10.0, 5, nₘₐₓ = 10)
10-element Vector{Float64}:
 100.0
  10.0
   0.9999999999999997
   0.09999999999999996
   0.009999999999999995
   0.0009999999999999994
   9.999999999999994e-5
   9.999999999999992e-6
   9.999999999999991e-7
   9.999999999999988e-8

SimpleGaussianBasis(a=1)

\[\phi_i(r) = \exp(-a_i r^2)\]

Note: This basis is not normalized. This is only for s-wave.

GaussianBasis(a=1, l=0, m=0)

\[\phi_i(r, θ, φ) = N _{il} r^l \exp(-a_i r^2) Y_l^m(θ, φ)\]

ContractedBasis([c1, c2, ...], [basis1, basis2, ...])

\[\phi' = \sum_i c_i \phi_i\]

element(SGB1::SimpleGaussianBasis, SGB2::SimpleGaussianBasis)

\[\begin{aligned} S_{ij} = \langle \phi_{i} | \phi_{j} \rangle &= \iiint \phi_{i}^*(r) \phi_{j}(r) ~r^2 \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}r \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\varphi \\ &= \int_0^{2\pi} \mathrm{d}\varphi \int_0^\pi \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}\theta \int_0^\infty r^{2} \mathrm{e}^{-(\alpha_i + \alpha_j) r^2} ~\mathrm{d}r \\ &= 2\pi \times 2 \times \frac{1!!}{2^{2}} \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{a^{3}}} \\ &= \underline{\left( \frac{\pi}{\alpha_i + \alpha_j} \right)^{3/2}} \end{aligned}\]

Integral Formula:

\[\int_0^{\infty} r^{2n} \exp \left(-a r^2\right) ~\mathrm{d}r = \frac{(2n-1)!!}{2^{n+1}} \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{a^{2n+1}}}\]

element(o::RestEnergy, SGB1::SimpleGaussianBasis, SGB2::SimpleGaussianBasis)

\[\begin{aligned} \langle \phi_{i} | mc^2 | \phi_{j} \rangle &= mc^2 \langle \phi_{i} | \phi_{j} \rangle &= mc^2 \iiint \phi_{i}^*(r) \phi_{j}(r) ~r^2 \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}r \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\varphi \\ &= mc^2 \int_0^{2\pi} \mathrm{d}\varphi \int_0^\pi \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}\theta \int_0^\infty r^{2} \mathrm{e}^{-(\alpha_i + \alpha_j) r^2} ~\mathrm{d}r \\ &= mc^2 \times 2\pi \times 2 \times \frac{1!!}{2^{2}} \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{a^{3}}} \\ &= \underline{mc^2 \left( \frac{\pi}{\alpha_i + \alpha_j} \right)^{3/2}} \end{aligned}\]

Integral Formula:

\[ \int_0^{\infty} r^{2n} \exp \left(-a r^2\right) ~\mathrm{d}r = \frac{(2n-1)!!}{2^{n+1}} \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{a^{2n+1}}}\]

element(o::NonRelativisticKinetic, SGB1::SimpleGaussianBasis, SGB2::SimpleGaussianBasis)

\[\begin{aligned} T_{ij} = \langle \phi_{i} | \hat{T} | \phi_{j} \rangle &= \iiint \mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_i r^2} \left[ -\frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu} \nabla^2 \right] \mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_j r^2} ~r^2 \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}r \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\varphi \\ &= -\frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu} \iiint \mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_i r^2} \left[ \nabla^2 \right] \mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_j r^2} ~r^2 \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}r \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\varphi \\ &= -\frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu} \iiint \mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_i r^2} \left[ -6\alpha_j + 4\alpha_j^2 r^2 \right] \mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_j r^2} ~r^2 \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}r \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\varphi \\ &= -\frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu} \iint \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\varphi \int \left[ -6\alpha_j + 4\alpha_j^2 r^2 \right] r^2 \mathrm{e}^{-(\alpha_i + \alpha_j) r^2} ~\mathrm{d}r \\ &= -\frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu} \cdot 4\pi \left[ -6\alpha_j \mathrm{GGI}(2, \alpha_i + \alpha_j) +4\alpha_j^2 \mathrm{GGI}(4, \alpha_i + \alpha_j) \right] \\ &= -\frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu} \cdot 4\pi \left[ -6\alpha_j \frac{\Gamma\left( \frac{3}{2} \right)}{2 (\alpha_i + \alpha_j)^{\frac{3}{2}}} +4\alpha_j^2 \frac{\Gamma\left( \frac{5}{2} \right)}{2 (\alpha_i + \alpha_j)^{\frac{5}{2}}} \right] \\ &= -\frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu} \cdot 4\pi \left[ -6\alpha_j \frac{ \sqrt{\pi}/2}{2 (\alpha_i + \alpha_j)^{\frac{3}{2}}} +4\alpha_j^2 \frac{3\sqrt{\pi}/4}{2 (\alpha_i + \alpha_j)^{\frac{5}{2}}} \right] \\ &= -\frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu} \cdot 4\pi \left[ \frac{\alpha_j}{\alpha_i + \alpha_j} - 1 \right] \cdot 6 \alpha_j \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\pi}/2}{2 (\alpha_i + \alpha_j)^{\frac{3}{2}}} \\ &= -\frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu} \cdot 4\pi \left[ - \frac{\alpha_i}{\alpha_i + \alpha_j} \right] \cdot 6 \alpha_j \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\pi}/2}{2 (\alpha_i + \alpha_j)^{\frac{3}{2}}} \\ &= \underline{ -\frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu} \cdot 6 \cdot \frac{\alpha_i \alpha_j \pi^{\frac{3}{2}}}{(\alpha_i + \alpha_j)^{\frac{5}{2}}} } \end{aligned}\]

or

\[\begin{aligned} T_{ij} = \langle \phi_{i} | \hat{T} | \phi_{j} \rangle &= \iiint \mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_i r^2} \left[ -\frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu} \nabla^2 \right] \mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_j r^2} ~r^2 \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}r \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\varphi \\ &= -\frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu} \iiint \mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_i r^2} \nabla^2 \mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_j r^2} ~r^2 \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}r \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\varphi \\ &= \frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu} \iiint \left[ \nabla \mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_i r^2} \right] \left[ \nabla \mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_j r^2} \right] ~r^2 \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}r \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\varphi \\ &= \frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu} \iiint \left[ -2 \alpha_i r \mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_i r^2} \right] \left[ -2 \alpha_j r \mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_j r^2} \right] ~r^2 \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}r \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\varphi \\ &= \frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu} \cdot 4 \alpha_i \alpha_j \iiint \left[ r \mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_i r^2} \right] \left[ r \mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_j r^2} \right] ~r^2 \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}r \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\varphi \\ &= \frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu} \cdot 4 \alpha_i \alpha_j \iint \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\varphi \int r^4 \mathrm{e}^{- (\alpha_i + \alpha_j) r^2} ~\mathrm{d}r \\ &= \frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu} \cdot 4 \alpha_i \alpha_j \cdot 4 \pi \cdot \mathrm{GGI}(4, \alpha_i + \alpha_j) \\ &= \frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu} \cdot 4 \alpha_i \alpha_j \cdot 4 \pi \cdot \frac{\Gamma\left( \frac{5}{2} \right)}{2 (\alpha_i + \alpha_j)^{\frac{5}{2}}} \\ &= \frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu} \cdot 4 \alpha_i \alpha_j \cdot 4 \pi \cdot \frac{3\sqrt{\pi}/4}{2 (\alpha_i + \alpha_j)^{\frac{5}{2}}} \\ &= \underline{ \frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu} \cdot 6 \cdot \frac{\alpha_i \alpha_j \pi^{\frac{3}{2}}}{(\alpha_i + \alpha_j)^{\frac{5}{2}}} } \end{aligned}\]

element(o::ConstantPotential, SGB1::SimpleGaussianBasis, SGB2::SimpleGaussianBasis)

\[\begin{aligned} \langle \phi_{i} | c | \phi_{j} \rangle &= c \langle \phi_{i} | \phi_{j} \rangle &= c \iiint \phi_{i}^*(r) \phi_{j}(r) ~r^2 \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}r \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\varphi \\ &= c \int_0^{2\pi} \mathrm{d}\varphi \int_0^\pi \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}\theta \int_0^\infty r^{2} \mathrm{e}^{-(\alpha_i + \alpha_j) r^2} ~\mathrm{d}r \\ &= c \times 2\pi \times 2 \times \frac{1!!}{2^{2}} \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{a^{3}}} \\ &= \underline{c \left( \frac{\pi}{\alpha_i + \alpha_j} \right)^{3/2}} \end{aligned}\]

Integral Formula:

\[ \int_0^{\infty} r^{2n} \exp \left(-a r^2\right) ~\mathrm{d}r = \frac{(2n-1)!!}{2^{n+1}} \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{a^{2n+1}}}\]

element(o::LinearPotential, SGB1::SimpleGaussianBasis, SGB2::SimpleGaussianBasis)

\[\begin{aligned} \langle \phi_{i} | r | \phi_{j} \rangle &= \iiint \phi_{i}^*(r) \times r \times \phi_{j}(r) ~r^2 \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}r \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\varphi \\ &= \int_0^{2\pi} \mathrm{d}\varphi \int_0^\pi \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}\theta \int_0^\infty r^3 \mathrm{e}^{-(\alpha_i + \alpha_j) r^2} ~\mathrm{d}r \\ &= 2\pi \times 2 \times \frac{1!}{2 (\alpha_i + \alpha_j)^{2}} \\ &= \underline{\frac{2\pi}{(\alpha_i + \alpha_j)^2}} \end{aligned}\]

Integral Formula:

\[\begin{aligned} \int_0^{\infty} r^{2n+1} \exp \left(-a r^2\right) ~\mathrm{d}r = \frac{n!}{2 a^{n+1}} \end{aligned}\]

element(o::CoulombPotential, SGB1::SimpleGaussianBasis, SGB2::SimpleGaussianBasis)

\[\begin{aligned} \langle \phi_{i} | \frac{1}{r} | \phi_{j} \rangle &= \iiint \phi_{i}^*(r) \times \frac{1}{r} \times \phi_{j}(r) ~r^2 \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}r \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\varphi \\ &= \int_0^{2\pi} \mathrm{d}\varphi \int_0^\pi \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}\theta \int_0^\infty r \mathrm{e}^{-(\alpha_i + \alpha_j) r^2} ~\mathrm{d}r \\ &= 2\pi \times 2 \times \frac{0!}{2 (\alpha_i + \alpha_j)} \\ &= \underline{\frac{2\pi}{\alpha_i + \alpha_j}} \end{aligned}\]

Integral Formula:

\[\begin{aligned} \int_0^{\infty} r^{2n+1} \exp \left(-a r^2\right) ~\mathrm{d}r = \frac{n!}{2 a^{n+1}} \end{aligned}\]

element(o::PowerLawPotential, SGB1::SimpleGaussianBasis, SGB2::SimpleGaussianBasis)

\[\begin{aligned} \langle \phi_{i} | r^n | \phi_{j} \rangle &= \iiint \phi_{i}^*(r) \times r^n \times \phi_{j}(r) ~r^2 \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}r \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\varphi \\ &= \int_0^{2\pi} \mathrm{d}\varphi \int_0^\pi \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}\theta \int_0^\infty r^{n+2} \mathrm{e}^{-(\alpha_i + \alpha_j) r^2} ~\mathrm{d}r \\ &= 2\pi \times 2 \times \frac{\Gamma\left( \frac{n+3}{2} \right)}{2 (\alpha_i + \alpha_j)^{\frac{n+3}{2}}} \\ &= \underline{2\pi\frac{\Gamma\left( \frac{n+3}{2} \right)}{(\alpha_i + \alpha_j)^{\frac{n+3}{2}}}} \end{aligned}\]

Integral Formula:

\[\int_0^{\infty} r^{n} \exp \left(-a r^2\right) ~\mathrm{d}r = \frac{\Gamma\left( \frac{n+1}{2} \right)}{2 a^{\frac{n+1}{2}}}\]

element(o::GaussianPotential, SGB1::SimpleGaussianBasis, SGB2::SimpleGaussianBasis)

\[\begin{aligned} \langle \phi_{i} | \exp(-br^2) | \phi_{j} \rangle &= \iiint \phi_{i}^*(r) \times \exp(-br^2) \times \phi_{j}(r) ~r^2 \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}r \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\varphi \\ &= \int_0^{2\pi} \mathrm{d}\varphi \int_0^\pi \sin\theta ~\mathrm{d}\theta \int_0^\infty r^2 \mathrm{e}^{-(b+\alpha_i + \alpha_j) r^2} ~\mathrm{d}r \\ &= 2\pi \times 2 \times \frac{1!!}{2^{2}} \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{(b + \alpha_i + \alpha_j)^{2\cdot1+1}}} \\ &= \underline{\left( \frac{\pi}{b + \alpha_i + \alpha_j} \right)^{3/2}} \end{aligned}\]

Integral Formula:

\[\int_0^{\infty} r^{2n} \exp \left(-a r^2\right) ~\mathrm{d}r = \frac{(2n-1)!!}{2^{n+1}} \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{a^{2n+1}}}\]

element(o::Hamiltonian, SGB1::SimpleGaussianBasis, SGB2::SimpleGaussianBasis)

\[\begin{aligned} H_{ij} &= \langle \phi_{i} | \hat{H} | \phi_{j} \rangle \\ &= \langle \phi_{i} | \sum_k \hat{o}_k | \phi_{j} \rangle \\ &= \sum_k \langle \phi_{i} | \hat{o}_k | \phi_{j} \rangle \\ \end{aligned}\]